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• Overview
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• Table of Contents

Table of Contents

I. Basics of Chemistry
1. Chemistry and Measurement
An Introduction to Chemistry
1.1 Modern Chemistry: A Brief Glimpse
1.2 Experiment and Explanation
A Chemist Looks at The Birth of the Post-it Note
1.3 Law of Conservation of Mass
1.4 Matter: Physical State and Chemical Constitution
Physical Measurements
1.5 Measurement and Significant Figures
Instrumental Methods Separation of Mixtures by Chromatography
1.6 SI Units
1.7 Derived Units
1.8 Units and Dimensional Analysis (Factor-Label Method)
2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure
2.1 Atomic Theory of Matter
2.2 The Structure of the Atom
2.3 Nuclear Structure; Isotopes
2.4 Atomic Masses
2.5 Periodic Table of the Elements
Chemical Substances: Formulas and Names
2.6 Chemical Formulas; Molecular and Ionic Substances
A Chemist Looks at Thirty Seconds on the Island of Stability
2.7 Organic Compounds
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds
Chemical Reactions: Equations
2.9 Writing Chemical Equations
2.10 Balancing Chemical Equations
3. Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations
Mass and Moles of Substance
3.1 Molecular Mass and Formula Mass
3.2 The Mole Concept
Determining Chemical Formulas
3.3 Mass Percentages from the Formula
3.4 Elemental Analysis: Percentages of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
3.5 Determining Formulas
Instrumental Methods Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Formula
Stoichiometry: Quantitative Relations in Chemical Reactions
3.6 Molar Interpretation of a Chemical Equation
3.7 Amounts of Substances in a Chemical Reaction
3.8 Limiting Reactant; Theoretical and Percentage Yields
4. Chemical Reactions
Ions in Aqueous Solution
4.1 Ionic Theory of Solutions and Solubility Rules
4.2 Molecular and Ionic Equations
Types of Chemical Reactions
4.3 Precipitation Reactions
4.4 Acid-Base Reactions
4.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
4.6 Balancing Simple Oxidation-Reduction Equations
Working with Solutions
4.7 Molar Concentration
4.8 Diluting Solutions
Quantitative Analysis
4.9 Gravimetric Analysis
4.10 Volumetric Analysis
5. The Gaseous State
Gas Laws
5.1 Gas Pressure and Its Measurement
5.2 Empirical Gas Laws
5.3 The Ideal Gas Law
A Chemist Looks at Nitrogen Monoxide Gas and Biological Signaling
5.4 Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes
5.5 Gas Mixtures; Law of Partial Pressures
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
5.6 Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas
5.7 Molecular Speeds; Diffusion and Effusion
5.8 Real Gases
A Chemist Looks at Carbon Dioxide Gas and the Greenhouse Effect
6. Thermochemistry
Understanding Heats of Reaction
6.1 Energy and Its Units
6.2 Heat of Reaction
6.3 Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change
6.4 Thermochemical Equations
A Chemist Looks at Lucifers and Other Matches
6.5 Applying Stoichiometry to Heats of Reaction
6.6 Measuring Heats of Reaction
Using Heats of Reaction
6.7 Hess's Law
6.8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
6.9 Fuels--Foods, Commercial Fuels, and Rocket Fuels
II. Atomic and Molecular Structure
7. Quantum Theory of the Atom
Light Waves, Photons, and the Bohr Theory
7.1 The Wave Nature of Light
7.2 Quantum Effects and Photons
A Chemist Looks at Zapping Hamburger with Gamma Rays
7.3 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
A Chemist Looks at Lasers and Compact Disc Players
Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Numbers
7.4 Quantum Mechanics
Instrumental Methods Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
7.5 Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals
8. Electron Configurations and Periodicity
Electronic Structure of Atoms
8.1 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
Instrumental Methods Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
8.2 Building-Up Principle and the Periodic Table
Instrumental Methods X Rays, Atomic Numbers, and Orbital Structure (Photoelectron
Spectroscopy)
8.3 Writing Electron Configurations Using the Periodic Table
8.4 Orbital Diagrams of Atoms; Hund's Rule
A Chemist Looks at Levitating Frogs and People
Periodicity of the Elements
8.5 Mendeleev's Predictions from the Periodic Table
8.6 Some Periodic Properties
8.7 Periodicity in the Main-Group Elements
9. Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Ionic Bonds
9.1 Describing Ionic Bonds
A Chemist Looks at Ionic Liquids and Green Chemistry
9.2 Electron Configurations of Ions
9.3 Ionic Radii
Covalent Bonds
9.4 Describing Covalent Bonds
A Chemist Looks at Chemical Bonds in Nitroglycerin
9.5 Polar Covalent Bonds; Electronegativity
9.6 Writing Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas
9.7 Delocalized Bonding: Resonance
9.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
9.9 Formal Charge and Lewis Formulas
9.10 Bond Length and Bond Order
9.11 Bond Energy
Instrumental Methods Infrared Spectroscopy and Vibrations of Chemical Bonds
10. Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory
Molecular Geometry and Directional Bonding
10.1 The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model
10.2 Dipole Moment and Molecular Geometry
A Chemist Looks at Left-Handed and Right-Handed Molecules
10.3 Valence Bond Theory
10.4 Description of Multiple Bonding
Molecular Orbital Theory
10.5 Principles of Molecular Orbital Theory
10.6 Electron Configurations of Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements
10.7 Molecular Orbitals and Delocalized Bonding
A Chemist Looks at Human Vision
A Chemist Looks at Stratospheric Ozone (An Absorber of Ultraviolet Rays)
III. States of Matter and Solutions
11. States of Matter; Liquids and Solids
11.1 Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Changes of State
11.2 Phase Transitions
11.3 Phase Diagrams
A Chemist Looks at Removing Caffeine from Coffee
Liquid State
11.4 Properties of Liquids: Surface Tension and Viscosity
11.5 Intermolecular Forces; Explaining Liquid Properties
A Chemist Looks at Gecko Toes, Sticky But Not Tacky
Solid State
11.6 Classification of Solids by Type of Attraction of Units
11.7 Crystalline Solids; Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
11.8 Structures of Some Crystalline Solids
A Chemist Looks at Liquid-Crystal Displays
11.9 Calculations Involving Unit-Cell Dimensions
11.10 Determining Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction
Instrumental Methods Automated X-Ray Diffractometry
A Chemist Looks at Water (A Special Substance for Planet Earth)
12. Solutions
Solution Formation
12.1 Types of Solutions
12.2 Solubility and the Solution Process
A Chemist Looks at Hemoglobin Solubility and Sickle-Cell Anemia
12.3 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility
Colligative Properties
12.4 Ways of Expressing Concentration
12.5 Vapor Pressure of a Solution
12.6 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
12.7 Osmosis
12.8 Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions
Colloid Formation
12.9 Colloids
A Chemist Looks at The World's Smallest Test Tubes
IV. Chemical Reactions and Equilibrium
13. Rates of Reaction
Reaction Rates
13.1 Definition of Reaction Rate
13.2 Experimental Determination of Rate
13.3 Dependence of Rate on Concentration
13.4 Change of Concentration with Time
13.5 Temperature and Rate; Collision and Transition-State Theories
13.6 Arrhenius Equation
Reaction Mechanisms
13.7 Elementary Reactions
13.8 The Rate Law and the Mechanism
13.9 Catalysis
A Chemist Looks at Seeing Molecules React
14. Chemical Equilibrium
Describing Chemical Equilibrium
14.1 Chemical Equilibrium--A Dynamic Equilibrium
14.2 The Equilibrium Constant
14.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria; Solvents in Homogeneous Equilibria
A Chemist Looks at Slime Molds and Leopards' Spots
Using the Equilibrium Constant
14.4 Qualitatively Interpreting the Equilibrium Constant
14.5 Predicting the Direction of Reaction
14.6 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
Changing the Reaction Conditions; Le Châtelier's Principle
14.7 Removing Products or Adding Reactants
14.8 Changing the Pressure and Temperature
14.9 Effect of a Catalyst
15. Acids and Bases
Acid-Base Concepts
15.1 Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
15.2 Bronsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases
15.3 Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
A Chemist Looks at Taking Your Medicine
Acid and Base Strengths
15.4 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
15.5 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength
Self-Ionization of Water and pH
15.6 Self-Ionization of Water
15.7 Solutions of a Strong Acid or Base
15.8 The pH of a Solution
A Chemist Looks at Unclogging the Sink and Other Chores
16. Acid-Base Equilibria
Solutions of a Weak Acid or Base
16.1 Acid-Ionization Equilibria
16.2 Polyprotic Acids
A Chemist Looks at Acid Rain
16.3 Base-Ionization Equilibria
16.4 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
Solutions of a Weak Acid or Base with Another Solute
16.5 Common-Ion Effect
16.6 Buffers
16.7 Acid-Base Titration Curves
17. Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
Solubility Equilibria
17.1 The Solubility Product Constant
17.2 Solubility and the Common-Ion Effect
17.3 Precipitation Calculations
17.4 Effect of pH on Solubility
A Chemist Looks at Limestone Caves
Complex-Ion Equilibria
17.5 Complex-Ion Formation
17.6 Complex Ions and Solubility
An Application of Solubility Equilibria
17.7 Qualitative Analysis of Metal Ions
18. Thermodynamics and Equilibrium
18.1 First Law of Thermodynamics; Enthalpy
Spontaneous Processes and Entropy
18.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.3 Standard Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
Free-Energy Concept
18.4 Free Energy and Spontaneity
18.5 Interpretation of Free Energy
A Chemist Looks at Coupling of Reactions
Free Energy and Equilibrium Constants
18.6 Relating ΔG to the Equilibrium Constant
18.7 Change of Free Energy with Temperature
19. Electrochemistry
Half-Reactions
19.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Acidic and Basic Solutions
Voltaic Cells
19.2 Construction of Voltaic Cells
19.3 Notation for Voltaic Cells
19.4 Cell Potential
19.5 Standard Cell Potentials and Standard Electrode Potentials
19.6 Equilibrium Constants from Cell Potentials
19.7 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration
19.8 Some Commercial Voltaic Cells
Electrolytic Cells
19.9 Electrolysis of Molten Salts
19.10 Aqueous Electrolysis
19.11 Stoichiometry of Electrolysis
V. Nuclear Chemistry and Chemistry of the Elements
20. Nuclear Chemistry
Radioactivity and Nuclear Bombardment Reactions
20.1 Radioactivity
A Chemist Looks at Magic Numbers
20.2 Nuclear Bombardment Reactions
20.3 Radiations and Matter: Detection and Biological Effects
20.4 Rate of Radioactive Decay
20.5 Applications of Radioactive Isotopes
Energy of Nuclear Reactions
A Chemist Looks at Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
20.6 Mass-Energy Calculations
20.7 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
21. Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements
21.1 General Observations About the Main-Group Elements
Chemistry of the Main-Group Metals
21.2 Metals: Characteristics and Production
21.3 Bonding in Metals
A Chemist Looks at Superconductivity
21.4 Group IVA: The Alkali Metals
21.5 Group IIA: The Alkaline Earth Metals
21.6 Group IIIA and Group IVA Metals
Chemistry of the Nonmetals
21.7 Hydrogen
21.8 Group IVA: The Carbon Family
21.9 Group VA: Nitrogen and the Phosphorous Family
A Chemist Looks at Buckminsterfullerene--A Third Form of Carbon
21.10 Group VIA: Oxygen and the Sulfur Family
21.11 Group VIIA: The Halogens
21.12 Group VIIIA: The Noble Gases
22. The Transition Elements and Coordination Compounds
Properties of the Transition Elements
22.1 Periodic Trends in the Transition Elements
22.2 The Chemistry of Two Transition Elements
Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
22.3 Formation and Structure of Complexes
22.4 Naming Coordination Compounds
A Chemist Looks at Salad Dressing and Chelate Stability
22.5 Structure and Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
22.6 Valence Bond Theory of Complexes
22.7 Crystal Field Theory
A Chemist Looks at The Cooperative Release of Oxygen from Oxyhemoglobin
23. Organic Chemistry
23.1 The Bonding of Carbon
Hydrocarbons
23.2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
23.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
23.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
23.5 Naming Hydrocarbons
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
23.6 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen
23.7 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
24. Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
Synthetic Polymers
24.1 Synthesis of Organic Polymers
Chemist Looks at The Discovery of Nylon
24.2 Electrically Conducting Polymers
Biological Polymers
24.3 Proteins
24.4 Nucleic Acids
A Chemist Looks at Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Atomic Force Microscopy
Appendixes
A. Mathematical Skills
B. Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures
C. Thermodynamic Quantities for Substances and Ions at 25 C
D. Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State
E. Acid-Ionization Constants at 25 C
F. Base-Ionization Constants at 25 C
G. Solubility Product Constants at 25 C
H. Formation Constants of Complex Ions at 25 C
I. Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25 C
Answers to Exercises
Answers to Concept Checks
Answers to Self-Assessment Questions
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems
Glossary
Credits
Index